Advantages Of International Trade For Developing Nations

Advantages of international trade for developing nations Although the concept of free trade and globalisation may subtly imply a polarity between the developed and developing worlds, it can be argued that, in order to function successfully, the pressure to create a competitive and comparative advantage hold all nations on a level-playing field. Sinclair Davidson (2015) cited David Ricardo (1821) in his argument that foreign trade is, indeed, beneficial to a country, for a number of reasons. By reducing the cost of commodities and raising living standards through the creation of jobs, international trade allows developing countries to create a competitive advantage. Michael Porter’s diamond model of competitive advantage, published in 1990, sought to understand why a particular nation had the ability to succeed in a particular industry (Hill, 2015). Within the model are four attributes that include demand conditions; related and supporting industries; factor endowments and firm strategy; and structure and rivalry (Hill, 2015). Upon the fulfillment of all four attributes, the country in question will be regarded as holding a competitive advantage in a particular industry. Porter argues that these factors are created, not endowed (Bernard, 2016). Beyond these four factors, the government may intervene to an extent, whilst still remaining true to the spirit of free trade - non-intervention or disruption. They do so through trade policies that have an influence over the imports,Show MoreRelatedInternational Trade And The Global Marketplace1428 Words   |  6 Pagescountries are engaged to international trade in order to achieve economic grow th, free trade agreement and financial liberalization has contributed to the opening up of world economies and resulted in more international trade. Countries use their comparative advantages to gain a positon in the global marketplace and achieve economic growth (Seyoum 2007). International trade is a critical resource of revenue earning for developing countries. However, the benefits realized from free trade are mostly enjoyedRead MoreForeign Investment And Removal Of Trade Barrier Essay1447 Words   |  6 Pages Trade plays a key role in stimulating economies. It promotes sustainable economic growth and development. However, for this to happen there needs to be openness. This paper is going to discuss how increasing the level of openness of developing nations can lead to increased economic growth. The paper will also review some of the dynamic gains that can be made from trade before concluding with a discussion of the roles of global trade organizations in promoting e conomic development. TheseRead MoreInternational Trade of Developing Countries1155 Words   |  5 PagesInternational trade of developing countries is the classic weak vs. strong dichotomy, and underdeveloped or developing countries cannot make it solely on their own efforts; the have nots need help from the haves. Developed nations trumpet the claim that the answer to developing nations’ international trade issues is untrammeled or open market activity as opposed to government intervention by developed nations’ governments. This begs the question as to what extent the governments of developed nationsRead MoreFree Trade Improves The Quality Of Life For A Nation And Its Citizens1448 Words   |  6 PagesFree trade improves the quality of life for a nation and its citizens. It can import goods that they may not able to produced. Also, importing goods may be cheaper for a developing country than attempting to produce it. Child labor in developing countries has also be the main problem in the lacking of technology. Children are used as a cheap substitute for manufacturing equipment. International trade would allow countries across the border to invest equipment and pay higher wages to adult workersRead MorePositive And Negative Outcomes Of Economic Globalization1635 Words   |  7 Pagesliterature on the positive and negative outcomes of economic globalization, and the impact on developed and developing nations. The findings indicate a strong trend in the belief that developed countries dominate in the world of international trade, as there resources ensure a competitive advantage over poorer undeveloped nations. In addition, it can be concluded that the great benefits of free trade, defined broadly as â€Å"free movement of goods, services, and capital across national boundaries (what I willRead MoreInternational Trade And Economic Growth1317 Words   |  6 Pagesthe international trade is very important for a growth economy, specially with a dvanced technologies that facilitate communication. To obtain financial and technological resources for economic growth, the nation needs certainly to participate in world trade. International trade of developing countries leads to high growth and significant changes in the commodity structure by reflecting changes in the economy. The countries in all over the world are economically interdependent. No any nation can existRead MoreThe Golden Age : The Period Of Prosperity, Growth And Development864 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"National economies are more open to one another than ever before.† With the flourishing of international trade and international economic integration people could consume products from different nations around the world; businesses had a huge economic growth, and their economic connections with other nations where significant due to the movement of capital. Moreover, vast group of people migrated in search of new jobs. Most people around the globe  "think of global capitalism as the normal stateRead MoreGlobalization and Free Trade 1086 Words   |  5 Pagesworld, when conditions are right, it is just as easy to do business with someone across the globe as it is with someone across your street. Globalization has opened the doors to economic freedom, and economic freedom became the trigger for international free trade and overall economic expansion. It allows for personal choices and prosperity. On a day to day basis, consumers are no longer limited to local products, they have the choice to choose from a myriad of brands and selections imported from allRead MoreInternational Trade Is An Effective Stimulation Of Economic Growth1557 Words   |  7 PagesEngaging in international trade is an effective stimulation of economic growth. David Ricardo’s principle of comparative advantage argues while nations involved in international trade, a country will become specialised in producing a product that has the lowest relative costs. (Economist, 2015) By focusing on the production onto a limited scope of product or industries, firms or the nation will experience rise in productivity due to higher efficiency in allocation and utilisation of resources. AsRead MoreIr and Glocalization1154 Words   |  5 Pagesglobalization CONENT: Introduction Body 1. What is Globalization and how it is related with the International Relations; 2. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Globalization; 3. Effectiveness of the Globalization Conclusion NTRODUCTION In my work I talk about the Globalization and its relation with the Globalization where I dwelled upon the Globalization. In the second part I did survey and focused on the advantages and disadvantages of globalization as the statistics show.After hammering out the two factors

Social Media Has On Food Influences - 926 Words

Once upon a time, hand-held devices such as cellular phones were invented to provide security during emergencies. Nowadays, food advertisement not only found its way through TV commercials and billboards, but in the last few years, social media has flooded the Internet through computers and cellular phones. Consequently, advertisement companies are not the only ones using social media (e.g. Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram) but people in general are also using it as an announcement tool by continually checking in the foods they are eating (posting pictures) and the restaurants they are in. Nevertheless to say, nobody projected the immense influences this technology has implemented on food choices. Therefore in this paper, I will discuss the advantages and disadvantages social media has on food influences. The â€Å"table for one† statement hardly exists anymore; even the person eating alone is most likely engaged on his/her phone virtually sharing the experience, posting instant food pictures and chatting with hundreds or even thousands of â€Å"internet friends†. According to a study by Cheung and Lee (2010), online social media has become an efficient major part of human interaction, influencing many different ways people behave and communicate. Additionally, food companies use social media, especially Facebook to bring the company closer to consumers and the other way around as well. According to a research study, Consumers have more faith and feel closer to the company whenShow MoreRelatedThe Social Problems Of Children1652 Words   |  7 Pagesspending influence of children up to twelve years in the United States. These children controlled spending of $28 billion in 2000 from their own allowances and earnings, and also they influenced $250 billion of family spend ing. (Oates, Blades and Gunter, 2003, pg.401). In this paper, it will being explaining what social problems are caused when children are marketed to and what we can do to stop it. I argue that marketing to children is a problem because it causes children to be obese from food commercialsRead MoreDisadvantages Of Fast Food1566 Words   |  7 PagesFast food is taking over many people’s lives living around the world. Many people all over the United States are overweight or obese due to eating so much fast food. Fast food affects peoples physical weight, emotional and mental health and media influence. There are no advantages to eating fast food, especially at a young age. Fast food is a scary road to turn down as a young kid growing up into an adult. Fast food is pretty much its own simple definition when you think about it, it is literallyRead MoreThe Social Media Consumers Health Essay1398 Words   |  6 PagesThe Social Media Consumers Health The social media industry’s fast development over the last decade has been changing prescription drugs advertising because most pharmaceutical companies are aware that many American consumers are regularly using social media platforms. For example, according to Kees et al. â€Å"Barely or Fairly Balancing Drug Risks? Content and Format Effects in Direct-To-Consumer Online Prescription Drug Promotions† 37% of Americans searched the internet for information on prescriptionRead MoreAnalytics of Wegmans’ Social Media Influence and Use of Twitter767 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Analytics of Wegmans’ Social Media Influence and Use of Twitter Social media has become an essential channel for corporations to build a two-way relationship with their customers. However, having a social media account cannot solve everything. To make the best use of social media in keeping a positive relationship with their customers, corporations ought to seek and maintain influence among their followers in social media, and participate in communications with them. Wegmans Food Market, Inc. is aRead MoreThe Media And Its Impact On Society1161 Words   |  5 PagesThe media plays a significant role in developing awareness on various different subjects. Without the media, people would be much less informed on many social and economic issues. The media can be credited for improvements in these sectors today as it engages the public to have an opinion of our on-going evolvements by releasing daily reports on such topics. In terms of charitable aid the media has greatly developed our awareness with a nature that influences us to feel sympathy for those less fortunateRead MoreEffects Of Obesity And The Media1396 Words   |  6 PagesOver the decades the paradigm or trend of young people increasing in body weight has changed. Obesity can be contributed to many different factors. With this new world of technology and social media there is still the prominent issue of obesity, although technology and the media is not all to blame. This arising issue can have derived by many different aspects, such as a person’s socioeconomic status, ethnicity, culture, and not getting the right amount of physical activity. These aspects definitivelyRead MoreMedia s Influence On Society1454 Words   |  6 PagesThe Media’s Chokehold The media s influence on society is suffocating and undeniable. Body image has become overwhelmingly present in most media today. The front cover of a magazine may critically exclaim â€Å"so-and-so has cellulite† or â€Å"so and so is too thin†. Popular reality stars like Nicole Polizzi (otherwise known as â€Å"Snooki†) have been criticized for being to large and then criticized for being too thin after dropping the weight. The media teaches people to be unsatisfied with their bodiesRead MoreMarketing And Its Effect On Consumer Food Choices Essay1711 Words   |  7 Pageschoices a person has to make daily. People have to make decisions on various things in life. Companies must make decisions about developing their businesses on a higher level by using different marketing strategies. We as people probably do not realize that we using marketing in our everyday lives. According to Kerin and Hartley (2017), As a consumer, you’ve been involved in tho usands of marketing decisions, but mostly on the buying and not the selling side (p. 4). Marketing has become more and moreRead MoreNegative Influence of Advertising1524 Words   |  7 PagesNegative influence of advertising on society Advertising by definition is a paid form of  communication  intended to  persuade  an audience (viewers, readers or listeners) to purchase or take some action upon products, ideas, or services. We are taken  into what the advertisers exactly want us to do - buy their products. Advertisements in themselves are not bad. They do perform an important  role in the society and that is the promotion of products and services  so that people will become aware ofRead MoreThe Negative Effect Of Youth Health Essay1734 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction The world as we know it in the 21st century is consumed by advertising. Everywhere we look, everywhere we go our eyes are continually be exposed to some form of advertising; televisions, media, magazines, bill boards and shops are some examples of places where we gather information from certain types of commercial advertising. Our lives are ruled by screens; it is inevitable that during our daily lives we are going to experience a sponsored ad, a TV commercial or a sexy, skinny model

Cults The Hare Krishna Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Cults: The Hare Krishna Essay, Research Paper The signifier of aberrance being studied is cults, peculiarly the Hare Krishna. Krishna is a popular Hindu God and is the inspiration of many cults. Prabhupada came to America in the 1960 # 8217 ; s and founded the Hare Krishna motion. He was sent to America by his guru to distribute the word of Krishna when he was 70 and attracted a followers of immature flower peoples disillusioned with material goods. But failed to pull a larger population because this behaviour is viewed as pervert by most of society. There are different assortments of cults, the Moonies, the Children of God, Eckankar and Scientology are but a few. Basically, there are two chief types of cults, those with Christian based beliefs, and those with Eastern Religion based beliefs. Typically, people who engage in the signifier of aberrance are overpoweringly Anglo-American, over 80 % of those who join the Hare Krishna are white. Most are individual when they enter, and at the clip of their connection are non gainfully employed. Most have their high school sheepskin, are under the age of 30, come from in-between and upper-middle category households, and most come from Protestant or Catholic backgrounds. As kids, most accompanied church hebdomadally with their households. Many may falsely presume that the people who join cults are in hunt of support of all sorts. The parents of these members, nevertheless, tend to be good off financially and able to properly back up their kids. Many members associate themselves with a extremely autocratic cult that emphasizes enthusiastic spiritual devotedness. They are in hunt of group support and household values that lacked in their childhood. This is viewed as aberrant behaviour because they find conventional ways unsatisfactory to their lives, and alternatively happen irregular agencies to carry through their demands. Peoples engage in this signifier of aberrance in temples. The temples are adorned with statues thought to be the embodiment of Krishna in a material signifier. Theses divinities have to be dressed and dusted every forenoon and they are bathed in a liquid made of rose H2O, milk and cow piss. After the statue is bathed, it is considered to be an award to imbibe the liquid. They engage in aberrance in these temples because that is where the action is accepted and can non be looked down upon by society ; in the temples it is accepted and even honored to move consequently. Peoples join the Hare Krishna because they may experience anomic, defeated, or deprived in some manner. Some may be in the hunt of intending in their life and happen the reply within the Hare Krishna organisation. Others, such as George Harrison, may happen the organisation as a agency to get away drug maltreatment. Many are attracted to the Hare Krishna because of their doctrine, which they say is logical and to a certain extent scientific. Members besides join because of other members. The friendliness and accepting nature of the other members is another big ground why so many join the cult. Besides, many earlier members were attracted by the magnetic leader, Srila Prabhupada. The 1960ss and 1970ss were a clip of societal discontent among the immature population in America. Peoples began to redefine themselves and became unsated with things about themselves. This left room unfastened to research other avenues of fulfilment, such as cults. The Krishna hunt for more significance in establishments than America has to offer. Peoples joined the Krishna because it was tied to the counterculture revolution in America, people thought that by fall ining the cult, they would obtain an increased cognition of themselves and their environment. The Hare Krishna is the most entire establishment of all other cults. With other cults, the members merely accept the belief and pattern it. Members of the Hare Krishna, nevertheless, must continue through four stairss before they become a full follower. After these four stairss are finished, the members are the same as everyone else in the cult who have gone through the stairss. The first measure is the pre-initiation phase where the member is taught the cult # 8217 ; s doctrine over a six month period while taking portion in temple life, at this point the member must turn out him/herself. The 2nd phase is initiation. Once the member is considered suited, the temple president gives the new member a Sanskrit name during a fire ceremonial. At this phase a twine of beads is given to the member that he must have on until he dies. Brahmin is the 3rd phase where members can have a 2nd rite where they are given a secret mantra to be chanted three times a twenty-four hours. At this phase the work forces may besides have a yarn to have on across their thorax. The concluding phase is the Sannyasa which is more particular as merely a few members achieve this phase. They must do a life long vow to celibacy, poorness, and sermon. Access is restricted to visitants when they come to the temple. This prevents their friends and households from irrupting on the evidences where this aberrance is taking topographic point. Denial of entree prevents people form the exterior from looking down on the aberrant behaviour. The members besides live on different compounds, separated by sex, with the kids separated from their parents when they are five old ages old to travel unrecorded with their religious instructor. An illustration of how stiff a entire establishment the Hare Krishna organisation is are eight basic regulations that members of Hare Krishna must stay by, they are: 1. He must intone 16 unit of ammunitions of supplications a twenty-four hours 2. He can non eat meat, fish, eggs, onions or Allium sativum 3. Sexual contact is merely acceptable between married twosomes one time a month for the intent of reproduction, non enjoyment. 4. He can non take portion in any activities which promote the slaughter of animate beings. 5. He must at all times wear the sacred beaded necklace, paint his organic structure with a mixture of clay and H2O, shave his caput except for a top of subdivision. 6. He must lift early every forenoon, take a cold shower and offer a ceremonial which involves the combustion of incense and recitation of a supplication. 7. He must non chance. 8. He can non smoke, imbibe, or take any drug. The work forces besides have to have on robes, called dhotis. The adult females wear robes which even cover their caput called saree. Members besides wear beaded necklaces to demo their position in the religion. These articles identify them as different from the remainder of society because they dress otherwise than others. Another illustration of how stiff the Hare Krishna # 8217 ; s are is the agenda of their twenty-four hours, although their yearss may change, most yearss in the Hare Krishna faith travel like this: 3:00A.M. Get up and have cold shower, acquire dressed. 4:00A.M. Travel to temple, personal chant. 5:00A.M. Temple service 6:00A.M. Analyze hr to read their Bible 7:30 A.M. Breakfast 8:00 A.M. Jobs 10:00 A.M. Raise money in the community, with a interruption for tiffin. 6:00 P.M. Meal 7:00 P.M. Study 8:15 P.M. Hot milk 9:00 P.M. Rest Of Hare Krishna members, 80 % are under the age of 25 upon come ining the organisation. Merely 20 % of members are of a seeable minority. Less than 22 % of members have a grade in school beyond their high school sheepskin. This may be due to the immature age at which the members join the group, many may fall in before even traveling to college. The parents of members of the Hare Krishna on mean brand more than $ 30,000 dollars a twelvemonth, so members come from financially stable backgrounds. Members are besides overpoweringly Protestant or Catholic by 68 % compared to the other chief faiths. The values of the Hare Krishna are expressed in their arrant devotedness to their God Krishna. The fact that they chant so frequently a twenty-four hours and even give their kids to another member to watch them turn demo their complete devotedness to their God. The fact that they take so much attention in fixing their sacred beaded necklaces and in rinsing the divinities besides shows how devoted they are. In their eyes, God comes before anything. The belief system of the Krishna religion is different from other faiths. The Krishna, for illustration, believe that Jesus was non God, but that he was a fan of Krishna sing signifier another planet. They besides believe that Krishna is the highest of Hindu Gods, the Lord and the Absolute Truth who has had many embodiments. They believe that the Bible and the Koran are echt Bibles but have been distorted over the old ages in their many interlingual renditions ; alternatively it is the Hindu Scriptures which are important. They besides believe that the life that one leads in this life determined the signifier that your psyche will take in reincarnation. They believe that redemption lies in complete devotedness to Krishna, and that any actin done for Krishna is non bad as Krishna is supra good and bad.

The Canterbury Tales Women Essays - The Canterbury Tales

The Canterbury Tales' Women The Canterbury Tales, by Geoffrey Chaucer is a collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims on their way to Thomas a' Becket's tomb in Canterbury. Throughout the stories, women are often portrayed in two opposing ways. The women in these tales are either depicted as pristine and virginal, or as cunning and deceitful. First, women are described as being pristine and virginal. This type of woman is always beautiful and has men vying for her affections. However, she is so pure that it seems she is unattainable. She is not treated like a real person and people never ask her what she wants. This virginal woman is captured in the character of Emily in The Knight's Tale. Emily, who is described by the author as radiant and serene (32) enchants two cousins and cause them to argue over her. Palamon is so love-struck that he states Woman or Goddess, which? I cannot say. (32). He doesn't even know her yet calls her ... my lady, whom I love and serve (34). When Arcite is released, he becomes sick because he can no longer see her. He is described as Thin as a shaft, as dry, with nothing left./His eyes were hollow, grisly to behold,/Fallow his face, like ashes pale and cold (39). When the cousins finally reunite, Palamon claims Emily for his own once again by saying You shall not love my lady Emily./I, no one else, will love her! (45). They are engaged in battle when the king rides by with his wife and Emily. When confronted, Palamon tells the king that Arcite dares love Emily (49), and that he is also in love with Emily the Bright (49). Even though Emily is sitting right there he still doesn't talk directly to her, instead he tells the king. Emily is herself immune to love: she has seen neither of the knights, nor is she aware that they have seen her, much less that they are in love with her (Hallissy 59). Poor virginal Emily knows no more of this affair,/By God, than does a cuckoo or a hare! (51). However, the king tells the cousins to get Ready by battle to decide his claim/ to Emily. (52) without even asking her what she wanted to do. If he had asked her, he would have found out that she wanted to remain a virgin and marry no one. She even prayed that she would be mistress, no, nor wife. (65). However, she was forced to marry Palamon when he won the battle. Secondly, women are described as cunning and deceitful. This type of woman causes her husband nothing but heartache. She is depicted as a liar and a cheater with low morals. She is a woman neither to be trusted nor respected. In many of the stories she makes a fool of her husband by having adulterous affairs. This type of woman is depicted in the Miller's Tale, the Merchant's Tale, and in the character of the Wife of Bath. In the Miller's Tale, Alison who is described as . . a fair young wife, her body as slender/As any weasel's, and as soft and tender; (90) marries an old man named John. John then takes in a lodger by the name of Nicholas. Since there is a big age difference between Alison and her husband, there is an assumption that Alison is sexually unsatisfied and thus easily seducible by a younger and more virile man--a man just like Nicholas (Hallissy 77). John foolishly leaves the two at home alone while he goes to Osney. Nicholas seizes this opportunity to make his move: he held her haunches hard (91) and begs her to satisfy him. Immediately: She gave a spring, just like a skittish colt Boxed in a frame for shoeing, and with a jolt Managed in time to wrench her head away. And said, Give over, Nicholas, I say! (91). However, it rapidly becomes clear that Alison consents to Nicholas's advances. In fact, so swift is the courtship that it is clear that Alison is a woman of exceedingly flexible moral standards-- she is, in modern terms, easy (Hallissy 77). It is not long before another man named Absolon also falls in love with

Free Essays on Christian And Muslim Marriages

Christian and Muslim marriages One definition of marriage is a union between two people that feel that they are right for each other, and decide to spend the rest of their lives together as one; this is the main case for Christian marriages. Some couples fear the worst, which is an unhealthy marriage that can lead to divorce. Others hope for the best, which is to live a long and healthy marriage. In this essay I will be explaining what happens in a Christian marriage service and what the importance of the ceremony is. I will be also going through an arranged Muslim marriage briefly which will help me decide which type of marriage I think is better and why. The day before the ceremony of a Christian marriage, the bride will probably have a hen night and groom will have a stag night. These 'nights' are a celebration; they tend to be a celebration of the couples last night of freedom. They are separate celebrations and the couple will not see each other until, the bride arrives at the church. It is known as bad luck for the couple to see each other before the wedding. It is also bad luck for the groom to see his future wife in the wedding dress. These are just superstitions, but now they tend to be a tradition. The Groom will be at the front of the church waiting for the bride, as the bride enters, the relatives, family and friends stand to watch the bride walk down the isle; and traditionally with her father, who gives her away. The ceremony starts when the bride and groom stand before the priest, the priest calls out a few blessings and prayers. Readings may be used; in some weddings a hymn might be sung. The priest then starts his talk and gets to a point were he tells the couple that they are about to make the vows in the name of God; he then says if there is a reason you cannot marry, please declare it now. The priest then says to the bride and the groom. The vows: â€Å"(Name), will you take (Name) to be your wife/hu... Free Essays on Christian And Muslim Marriages Free Essays on Christian And Muslim Marriages Christian and Muslim marriages One definition of marriage is a union between two people that feel that they are right for each other, and decide to spend the rest of their lives together as one; this is the main case for Christian marriages. Some couples fear the worst, which is an unhealthy marriage that can lead to divorce. Others hope for the best, which is to live a long and healthy marriage. In this essay I will be explaining what happens in a Christian marriage service and what the importance of the ceremony is. I will be also going through an arranged Muslim marriage briefly which will help me decide which type of marriage I think is better and why. The day before the ceremony of a Christian marriage, the bride will probably have a hen night and groom will have a stag night. These 'nights' are a celebration; they tend to be a celebration of the couples last night of freedom. They are separate celebrations and the couple will not see each other until, the bride arrives at the church. It is known as bad luck for the couple to see each other before the wedding. It is also bad luck for the groom to see his future wife in the wedding dress. These are just superstitions, but now they tend to be a tradition. The Groom will be at the front of the church waiting for the bride, as the bride enters, the relatives, family and friends stand to watch the bride walk down the isle; and traditionally with her father, who gives her away. The ceremony starts when the bride and groom stand before the priest, the priest calls out a few blessings and prayers. Readings may be used; in some weddings a hymn might be sung. The priest then starts his talk and gets to a point were he tells the couple that they are about to make the vows in the name of God; he then says if there is a reason you cannot marry, please declare it now. The priest then says to the bride and the groom. The vows: â€Å"(Name), will you take (Name) to be your wife/hu...

MCDONALD Last Name Meaning and Origin

MCDONALD Last Name Meaning and Origin McDonald is a common Scottish patronymic surname meaning son of Donald, a given name meaning world ruler, from the Gaelic Mac Dhamhnuill. McDonald is probably the most famous of the Scottish clan surnames. In Scotland the McDonald surname derived most often from Scottish settlers who arrived in to the Province of Ulster in the seventeenth century. It may also be an anglicization of MacDomhnall, although the McDonnell or ODonnell spelling is more often seen in that instance. Surname Origin:  Scottish Alternate Surname Spellings: MACDONALD, MCDONNELL, MACDONELL, MCDONNALD Where in the World Is the MCDONALD Surname Found? According to WorldNames public profiler, the McDonald surname is most common in Australia, followed by Ireland and New Zealand. The surname distribution maps at Forebears puts the greatest density of people with the McDonald surname in Grenada, followed by Jamaica, Scotland, the Bahamas, and Australia. In 1881 Scotland, the McDonald surname was most common in Inverness-shire. In 1901, it was the 11th most common surname in County Carlow, Ireland. Famous People with the Surname MCDONALD: Michael McDonald -  American singer and songwriterFreda Josephine McDonald - American entertainer and dancer, best known by her married name Josephine BakerRamsay MacDonald -  first Labor Party prime minister of Great BritainFlora MacDonald -  Jacobite patriot who protected Bonnie Prince Charlie after the Battle of CullodenJohn A. MacDonald - first Prime Minister of Canada ​Genealogy Resources for the Surname MCDONALD Clan Donald USAA nationwide organization of nearly 4,000 families who trace their ancestry to any of the branches of Clann Domhnaill.   McDonald Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the McDonald surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own McDonald surname query. McDonald Family DNA ProjectThis Y-DNA project includes nearly 2,000 MacDonalds (including variant spellings such as MacDaniel and MacDanold) interested in using DNA and genealogy research to trace their ancestry in Scotland or Ireland. FamilySearch - MCDONALD GenealogyExplore over 8.2 million results, including digitized records, database entries, and online family trees for the McDonald surname and its variations on the FREE FamilySearch website, courtesy of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. MCDONALD Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the McDonald surname. DistantCousin.com - MCDONALD Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name McDonald. The McDonald Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the McDonald surname from the website of Genealogy Today. Looking for the meaning of a given name? Check out First Name Meanings Cant find your last name listed? Suggest a surname to be added to the Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1967. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. New York:  Oxford University Press, 2003. MacLysaght, Edward.  Surnames of Ireland. Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1989. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 15

Leadership - Assignment Example This led to constant bickering and lack of consensus about direction. This conflict was borne of her inferior emotional intelligence. In fact, she proclaimed that Star Jones was evil, illustrating her poor leadership characteristics. Marlee Matlin, the deaf star contestant in 2011, was an individual with superior leadership skills. Matlin observed many disputes occurring between her colleagues, but simply chose to distance herself from it and bring it to her superior’s attention: Donald Trump. A quality leader understands chain of command and does not overstep their authority or fuel even further conflict. Matlin was very courteous to her team members throughout the entire season, often using soft language to inspire others to achieve their greatest potential. This is another trademark of a very competent leader to be able to use charisma and inspirational dialogue to gain loyalty. Marlee Matlin also publicly praised her most fierce competitor, John Rich, which illustrated the necessary respect for others common in quality leaders. At the same time, Matlin always tried to help others, showing that she thought their opinions and talents were valuable to the

The musical thought and influence of Brian Eno Essay - 1

The musical thought and influence of Brian Eno - Essay Example "This resource is very relevant for the topic of study, considering that it traces the history of Brian Eno and what he has been able to do in music, which earns him a name. Through this source, we get to understand that; while music has been introduced with different aims, Brian Eno’s contemporary music, which he has referred as the "ambient" music, has been customized to, and intended for a particular place, or meant to elicit a particular mood. He has sought to influence the people in different contexts, with music that is particularly tailor-made for that purpose. Consequently, he introduced â€Å"ambient music for airports†, after wondering how the architects of an airport in Germany would have managed to be very careful with the floor plan, but neglect the essence of having a soundtrack in the airport terminal. Brian Eno is held in high esteem as a visionary record producer, ambient composer and leading sound experimentalist. His influence is actually felt based o n the choice and the diversity of the musical genres and subjects he handles, such that despite being a confirmed atheist, Brian Eno has gone ahead and done an album inspired by Christian gospel music. Thus, he has been able to traverse different what he refers to as ‘community music’, music that is all-encompassing and all-inclusive, by establishing music that is able to transcend the individuality and sense of self, and making an individual to completely surrender to the tone, mood and texture elicited by the music.  

Pillowman Review Essay Example for Free

Pillowman Review Essay The team of San- Jacinto central college performed the play â€Å"The Pillow man† originally written by Martin McDonough on 2003 in the Powell Arena Theatre. The play was about the tale of Katurian, a fiction writer who was interrogated by the two detectives Ariel and Tupoloski regarding the unpleasant stories of children written by Katurian. The content of Katurian’s stories was similar to the murder of the different children in the town, so they were suspected of the case. The play was performed on the black-box theatre, which was modified into the upthrust stage. The stage was good enough to support some specific part of the play like the background family scene that was provided when Katurian was narrating the story. The audiences sitting on raised stages on the three sides were able to relate the Katurian’s narration with the background scene. The opening moments of this play are superlatively funny, thanks to the interaction between Katurian and his two captors, a Detective named Tupolski (Joe Franco) and a policeman named Ariel (Richard Turner). Tupolski seems to be the epitome of quiet, industrial effectiveness, whereas Ariel (the winged indentured servant in The Tempest?) is very tightly wound, and more than eager to jump his prisoner and beat him senseless. Though all the characters were good to perform their assigned roles, I personally appreciate the role of Michal, performed by Aaron Alford, a freshman student of San Jacinto College. Just as the script says Michal was little slow to get the things, Alford did exactly the same throughout the play. As well, this character has added some comedy flavors in the play like itching ass etc. He made us laugh most of the time. The sound factor of the play was good. The crying sound from the background was really natural that attracted the attention of the audiences like me. It made to feel like somebody was really tortured there. There was a special sound effect in the play relating to the homicide and torture. Mr. Brian Hamlin did the very good job as a director and fight director. The play was directed so well. All the cast and crew do their best to execute the play. Most of the casting members were professional and graduate students interested in theatre. The two plays that I watched during this semester â€Å"The Pillowman† and â€Å"KOYAANISQATSI†. The opening scene of â€Å"The Pillowman† and â€Å"KOYAANISQATSI† both were really good. Among these two play I like â€Å"KOYAANISQATSI† better because the Hopi Indian chanter played really well. Also, action was well executed on â€Å"Star Blood† on â€Å"KOYAANISQATSI† rather than interrogating on â€Å"The Pillowman†. Lighting was well executed on â€Å"â€Å"KOYAANISQATSI† and sound effects on â€Å"The Pillowman† To sum it up, the play was good enough to entertain. I can make a consensus that the script of the play was well written. The characters were giving just the satisfaction to the superior script of the play. It was worth watchin g.

Salvia divinorum, Herb of Mary, the Shepherdess Essay example -- Botan

Salvia divinorum, Herb of Mary, the Shepherdess Salvia divinorum Epling & J. Tiva-M. is a member of the mint family (or Lamiaceae) native to the mountains of Oaxaca, Mexico. It is used by the Mazatec Indians of the region, in a manner similar to psilocybian mushrooms and lysergic acid-containing morning glory seeds, as a ritual entheogen (hallucinogen) and divinatory aid. It is propagated vegetatively by the Mazatecs, and no wild specimens of the plant have been observed by researchers. The diterpene salvinorin A is the chemical responsible for the visionary effects of this species. The plant now enjoys limited use among "basement shamans" in the North as an entheogen similar to LSD and psilocybian mushrooms, and is sometimes cultivated for this reason. Description A collection of Salvia divinorum suitable for identification was originally made by Wasson and Hofmann in 1962 and described by Epling and J. Tiva-M. as a new species (Epling and J. Tiva-M. 1962). The description was later amended by Reisfield. The plant is a perennial herb with trailing stems that grow from 0.5 to 1.5 m tall and have a square shape characteristic of mints. The flowers are white, turning blue with age, and borne on racemes (Reisfield 1993). It was originally described by Schultes as having all blue flowers, due to the fact that the calyces are blue (Ott 1996). Nutlets are rare among greenhouse cultivated plants, and have never been observed in the wild (Reisfield 1993). The cloud forests and tropical evergreen forests of the Sierra Mazateca mountain range provide the ideal conditions for S. divinorum growth. It lives in dark, humid areas at an elevation of between 300 and 1800 m. Propagation is vegetative, through rooting at the nodes of the l... ...e to be concerned that S. divinorum and salvinorin A have the potential to become "drugs of abuse" (Valds 1994). Bibliography Epling, C. and J. Tiva-M., C. 1962. A new species of Salvia from Mexico. Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University 20: 75-76. Ott, J. 1996. Psychoactive Card IV: Salvia divinorum Epling et Jativa. Eleusis 4: 31-39. Ott, J. 1993. Pharmacotheon. Natural Products. Kenniwick, WA. Valds, L.J., III; DÂ ¡az, J.L. & Paul, A.G. 1983. Ethnopharmacology of Ska Maria Pastora (Salvia divinorum, Epling and J tiva-M.). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 7: 287-312. Valds, L.J., III. 1994. Salvia divinorum and the unique diterpene hallucinogen, salvinorin (divinorin) A. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 26(3): 277-283. Wasson, R.G. 1962. A new Mexican psychotropic drug from the mint family. Botanical Museum leaflets, Harvard University 20: 77-84. Salvia divinorum, Herb of Mary, the Shepherdess Essay example -- Botan Salvia divinorum, Herb of Mary, the Shepherdess Salvia divinorum Epling & J. Tiva-M. is a member of the mint family (or Lamiaceae) native to the mountains of Oaxaca, Mexico. It is used by the Mazatec Indians of the region, in a manner similar to psilocybian mushrooms and lysergic acid-containing morning glory seeds, as a ritual entheogen (hallucinogen) and divinatory aid. It is propagated vegetatively by the Mazatecs, and no wild specimens of the plant have been observed by researchers. The diterpene salvinorin A is the chemical responsible for the visionary effects of this species. The plant now enjoys limited use among "basement shamans" in the North as an entheogen similar to LSD and psilocybian mushrooms, and is sometimes cultivated for this reason. Description A collection of Salvia divinorum suitable for identification was originally made by Wasson and Hofmann in 1962 and described by Epling and J. Tiva-M. as a new species (Epling and J. Tiva-M. 1962). The description was later amended by Reisfield. The plant is a perennial herb with trailing stems that grow from 0.5 to 1.5 m tall and have a square shape characteristic of mints. The flowers are white, turning blue with age, and borne on racemes (Reisfield 1993). It was originally described by Schultes as having all blue flowers, due to the fact that the calyces are blue (Ott 1996). Nutlets are rare among greenhouse cultivated plants, and have never been observed in the wild (Reisfield 1993). The cloud forests and tropical evergreen forests of the Sierra Mazateca mountain range provide the ideal conditions for S. divinorum growth. It lives in dark, humid areas at an elevation of between 300 and 1800 m. Propagation is vegetative, through rooting at the nodes of the l... ...e to be concerned that S. divinorum and salvinorin A have the potential to become "drugs of abuse" (Valds 1994). Bibliography Epling, C. and J. Tiva-M., C. 1962. A new species of Salvia from Mexico. Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University 20: 75-76. Ott, J. 1996. Psychoactive Card IV: Salvia divinorum Epling et Jativa. Eleusis 4: 31-39. Ott, J. 1993. Pharmacotheon. Natural Products. Kenniwick, WA. Valds, L.J., III; DÂ ¡az, J.L. & Paul, A.G. 1983. Ethnopharmacology of Ska Maria Pastora (Salvia divinorum, Epling and J tiva-M.). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 7: 287-312. Valds, L.J., III. 1994. Salvia divinorum and the unique diterpene hallucinogen, salvinorin (divinorin) A. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 26(3): 277-283. Wasson, R.G. 1962. A new Mexican psychotropic drug from the mint family. Botanical Museum leaflets, Harvard University 20: 77-84.

Emily Bronte’s poem “Spellbound”

Emily Bronte’s poem, â€Å"Spellbound,† is evocative and emotive. Its imagery, saturating nature with vivid emotions, is unforgettable. In dissecting the poem, truly examining it for its constituent parts, one is struck by the mastery with which Bronte is able to manipulate individual words and have them gush with emotions, conjuring up images in the reader’s head effortlessly. In the end, Bronte’s nature is painted as a canvass of entrapment, a majestic masterpiece of beauty that ensnares her imagination but paralyzes her body and soul. Bronte’s first stanza establishes this motif early.Nature’s prominence in the poem is unmistakable as she cites the power of the night as it envelopes her. Adding to this sense of encirclement is the â€Å"wild† character ascribed to the winds, blowing relentlessly. The combination of these two sentiments creates a strong sense of the uncontrollable character of nature; night darkens and cannot be stop ped, wild winds cannot be tamed. This sense is only heightened in the next line as Bronte ascribes a tyrannical composition to these forces, binding her—a clear link between the burden of uncontrollable nature and her own sense of paralysis.She explicitly describes this sense of immobility in the final line of the stanza saying, â€Å"I cannot, cannot go. † Thus, in the first stanza, Bronte is clearly fascinated by nature, but eventually overpowered and immobilized by its unyielding power. In the second stanza, Bronte elaborates on the force of nature, ascribing an empty, lifeless quality to it that simultaneously evokes a sense of momentous serenity. The â€Å"giant trees† continue the large scale already created by the night enveloping her and the untamed wind. Yet those trees, like Bronte are burdened, held down by snow—perhaps an allusion to her own feeling of sagging.The sense of an ominous future is heightened even further with her description of a storm â€Å"fast descending,† as she reaffirms her paralysis, again saying that she â€Å"cannot go. † In the third and final stanza, Bronte ties the first two stanzas together. In describing â€Å"clouds beyond clouds,† and â€Å"wastes beyond wastes,† she reaffirms the crushing endlessness of nature and ties it to her hopelessness. If the world is so large, she feels small; this sentiment perhaps the source of her unmotivated lethargy. Together, the stanzas add up to a message that underscores the power of nature while also highlighting the sagging weight of its enormity.

Economics †Frictional and Structural Unemployment Essay

This assignment mainly compares and contrasts the two broad categories of unemployment which are Structural and Frictional unemployment. The type of unemployment which has a greater impact on economy will also be identified and the reasons for this phenomenon will also be discussed. Frictional Unemployment The short term unemployment in an economy refers to frictional unemployment which is present due to normal market adjustments. The factors contributing to the hindrances of employment in frictional unemployment are business adjustments, imperfections of market information that are imperfect or the individual’s preferences for employment are much higher than available. Those people are frictionally unemployed who do not have jobs in the market with wages of current market level; these jobs are within reasonable reach and are suited to their skills (Gilpatrick, 1966). However, this type of unemployment is not long-term. Frictional unemployment can be removed without any increase in aggregate demand and in a short period of time. There are jobs available for those who are unemployed, under this type of unemployment, but the workers are not aware of other opportunities, they require time to readjust to business changes or they choose to wait for other job opportunities. The assumptions of frictional unemployment are that labor productivity, state of technology and the skills of labor force remain constant in the short term (Gilpatrick, 1966). Structural Unemployment Structural unemployment occurs because of the structural changes in the economy or the business processes of the related businesses. This type of unemployment is encountered in the long run and sometimes could arise without any changes in the demand. The composition of final demand, technological advancements and shifts in the locations of industries are the main structural shifts that affect the labor and skill requirement. If the labor force is capable of adapting to the new environment, there will be no problems. Those who are not able to adapt, they get unemployed because either their skills are no longer required in the industry or their skills are non-transferable to other occupations (Gilpatrick, 1966). The basic changes responsible for structural unemployment are in final demand of product mix and in technology. However, when there is exhaustion of resources locally, the industries can move out to other geographical regions which cause structural unemployment. When there is a change in technology, no increase in skills of the labor will provide employment for those who were displaced. Those who do not have the skills required to get employed are said to be structurally unemployed (Gilpatrick, 1966). Differences between the Two Types of Unemployment The key difference in the two type of unemployment is that in the structural unemployment, the unemployment is caused by the mismatch of specific labor skills supply and demand, whereas in frictional unemployment, there is no such mismatch. Another key difference is that the structural unemployment is long term whereas the frictional unemployment takes only a short period to get eliminated, given other things constant. Impact on Economy Structural unemployment has a higher impact on the economy as this type of unemployment can trigger a higher level of inflation when the demand of the products gets higher. The structural unemployment can get the industries disappear from the economy which are no longer require or if the labor does not have the skills required. This is a long term unemployment which also increases the impact as the unemployed labor does not contribute to the economy. Frictional unemployment on the other hand is a short term phenomenon which is eliminated in a short period of time. This is not as bad for the economy as the skills required in the industry are present with the workers and they will find their desired work shortly. References Gilpatrick, E. (1966). ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT: A VIEW OF THE STRUCTURAL-INADEQUATE DEMAND DEBATE. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 19(2), 201-212. Retrieved from Business Source Complete database.

Steal the Show With These Fabulous Wedding Speech Quotes

Steal the Show With These Fabulous Wedding Speech Quotes Speaking in front of a crowd for any occasion needs a little prep, let alone the most important day of a couples new life together. And giving a toast might seem like small potatoes among all of the things you have to do that day- but you still dont want to goof it up. Whether youre the best man or maid of honor tasked with making a speech, one of the members of the happy couple wanting to honor your new love or a parent tasked with creating a touching moment, you want the words to come out right. Prevent yourself from becoming an epic fail meme all over social media (and you know people will be filming). Incorporate these heartfelt  quotations, quick quips, or famous sayings into your wedding day speech or toast.   Wedding Toast, From the Groom to the Bride Heres to the prettiest, heres to the wittiest,Heres to the truest of all who are true,Heres to the neatest one, heres to the sweetest one,Heres to them, all in one- heres to you. To the Groom Heres to the groom, a man who keeps his head though he loses his heart. To the Bridesmaids A thing of beauty is a joy forever. Heres to these beautiful bridesmaids. We admire them for their beauty, respect them for their intelligence, adore them for their virtues, and love them because we cant help it. To the Bride May she share everything with her husband, including the housework. Wedding Toast, From the Groom to the Bride She knows all about me and loves me just the same. Wedding Toast, From the Parents of the Bride and Groom It is written: When children find true love, parents find true joy. Heres to your joy and ours, from this day forward. To the Gathering Let us toast the health of the bride;Let us toast the health of the groom,Let us toast the person that tied;Let us toast every guest in the room. To the Bride and Groom Look down. you gods, and on this couple drop a blessed crown. Remember that if you ever put your marital problems on the back burner, they are sure to boil over. Happy marriages begin when we marry the one we love, and they blossom when we love the one we married. My greatest wish for the two of you is that through the years your love for each other will so deepen and grow  that years from now you will look back on this day, your wedding day, as the day you loved each other the least. May the best day of your past be the worst day of your future. Marriage: A community consisting of a master, a mistress, and two slaves- making, in all, two. May the roof above you never fall in and may you both never fall out. To the lamp of love- may it burn brightest in the darkest hours and never flicker in the winds of trial. May for better or worse be far better than worse. The man or woman you really love will never grow old to you.Through the wrinkles of time, through the bowed frame of years,You will always see the dear face and feelThe warm heart union of your eternal love. May you have many childrenand may they grow mature in tasteand healthy in colorand as sought afteras the contents of the glass. Quotes From the Famous Rainer Maria RilkeA good marriage is that in which each appoints the other guardian of his solitude. Gwendolyn BrooksWe are each other’s harvest; we are each other’s business; we are each other’s magnitude and bond. Jane Austen, Pride and PrejudiceOh, Lizzy! Do anything rather than marry without affection. Mignon McLaughlinIn the arithmetic of love, one plus one equals everything, and two minus one equals nothing. Friedrich NietzscheIt is not a lack of love, but a lack of friendship that makes unhappy marriages. Franz SchubertHappy is the man who finds a true friend, and far happier is he  who finds that true friend in his wife. The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.There is no more lovely, friendly, and charming relationship, communion, or company than a good marriage. Elizabeth AshleyIn a great romance, each person plays a part the other really likes. George Jean NathanLove is an emotion experienced by the many and enjoyed by the few. Elizabeth GilbertTo be fully seen by somebody, then, and be loved anyhow- this is a human offering that can border on miraculous. Robert Anderson,  Solitaire Double SolitaireIn every marriage more than a week old, there are grounds for divorce. The trick is to find, and continue to find, grounds for marriage. Sydney J. HarrisAlmost no one is foolish enough to imagine that he automatically deserves great success in any field of activity, yet almost everyone believes that he automatically deserves success in marriage. Amy GrantThe more you invest in a marriage, the more valuable it becomes. Mother TeresaThe hunger for love is much more difficult to remove than the hunger for bread. Paul ValeryLove is being stupid together. American ProverbYou have to kiss a lot of toads before you find a handsome prince. Dr. James C. DobsonDont marry the person you think you can live with; marry only the individual you think you cant live without. Franklin P. JonesLove doesnt make the world go round; love is what makes the ride worthwhile. Kristen KappelLove is when you look into someones  eyes and see everything you need. Lucy Van Pelt,  in Peanuts, by Charles M. SchulzAll I really need is love, but a little chocolate now and then doesnt hurt! Tony HeathBe presidents of each others fan clubs. Dave MeurerA  great marriage  is not when the perfect couple come together. It is when an imperfect couple learns to enjoy their differences. MadonnaTo be brave is to love someone unconditionally, without expecting anything in return. To just give; that takes courage. Because we dont want to fall on our faces or leave ourselves open to hurt.

Commands and Requests in Spanish Without the Imperative Mood

Commands and Requests in Spanish Without the Imperative Mood Although the imperative mood is frequently used to tell or ask people to do something, other verb forms also are used. This lesson covers some of the most common non-imperative ways of giving commands. Infinitives as Impersonal Commands The infinitive (the unconjugated verb form that ends in -ar, -er or -ir) is frequently used, especially in print and online rather than verbally, to give commands to no one person in particular. It is seen most commonly on signs and in written instructions. Examples: No fumar. (No smoking.) Hacer clic aquà ­. (Click here.) No tocar. (Do not touch.) Sazonar los frijoles y servirlos en un plato. (Season the beans and serve them on a plate.) Colgar el telà ©fono y esperar. (Hang up the telephone and wait.) Use of Present and Future Tenses to Give Commands As in English, the present and future indicative tenses can be used to issue emphatic commands. Using the present and future tenses in this way normally wouldnt be done when youre trying to be diplomatic; more likely, they would be used when simple persuasion hasnt been successful or if youre trying to be particularly matter-of-fact. Examples: Comers el brà ³coli. (You WILL eat the broccoli.) Me llamas maà ±ana. (You call me tomorrow.) Indirect Commands By using the subjunctive mood in a clause beginning with que, it is possible to indirectly give a command to someone other than the person being spoken to. As the following examples indicate, a variety of English translations can be used, depending on the context. Examples: Que Dios te bendiga. (God bless you.) Que vaya à ©l a la oficina. (Have him go to the office.) Que me traiga ella sus archivos. (Tell her to bring me her files.) Que en paz descanse. (May he rest in peace.) First-Person Plural Commands There are two ways to give a command to a group that includes yourself: use followed by the infinitive, or use the first-personal plural subjunctive form of the verb. These are typically translated in English by using lets. In the negative form (lets not), the subjunctive form (not no vamos a) is typically used. To say lets go, use vamos or vmonos; to say lets not go, use no vayamos or no nos vayamos. Examples: Vamos a comer. (Lets eat.) Comamos. (Lets eat.) No comamos. (Lets not eat.) Vamos a hacerlo. (Lets do it.) Hagmoslo. (Lets do it.) No lo hagamos. (Lets not do it.)

Discuss Women's Contribution to the American Revolution and the War's Term Paper

Discuss Women's Contribution to the American Revolution and the War's Impact on Eomen - Term Paper Example To begin with, there are those who assisted the soldiers on the war front with basic necessities such as water and food , which was essential as it ensured that the soldiers were well taken care of thereby enabling them to concentrate on their military duties. These women were known as camp followers as they lived in military camps and moved alongside the soldiers whenever there was need to shift camps. Majority of these women were largely soldiers’ wives and daughters. Apart from provision of water and food on the frontline, these women also conducted other domestic chores such as cleaning the camps, mending torn clothes, washing military uniforms among other numerous activities such as taking care of children in the absence of their husbands. They were not enlisted in the military and therefore, they were not required to handle guns or engage in battles with the enemy (Micklos 18). However, there are women, who are highly recognized for their bravery and disregard for the no rm. These included for example; Margaret Corbin, who is also referred to as Captain Molly. Margaret stood out as a woman of strong character and a brave one as such, especially due to her outstanding performance in the battle. She was the wife of an American soldier, John Corbin, whom she was fighting alongside on the fateful day of 16 November 1776. On this day, John, Margaret and approximately 600 other American soldiers were attacked by a battalion of British supported soldiers, in Fort Washington, which comprised of more than 3000 men (Micklos 28). Margaret, was a trained matross, just like her husband, and it is due to this that she was highly respected by John’s comrades. As the fighting was going on, John got injured leading to his temporary incapacitation. On seeing this, Margaret, instead of retreating, decided to take john’s position and continued to fire at the hostile soldiers but she eventually got injured in the process. Even though the British soldiers w on the battle at the end of that day, leading to her capture and that of her compatriots, Margaret continues to be remembered by the society as a true warrior. Indeed, she is remembered as the first woman in the US history to receive pension for her active role in the revolution (Ellet 25). Mary Ludwig Hays, also known as Molly Pitcher, is also another woman, who is recognized for her heroic deeds in the revolutionary war. Mary was also married to a soldier, William Hays, who served in the continental army during the war. Just like Margaret Corbin, Mary’s main roles were to supply the army with water alongside other domestic responsibilities but on June 28, 1778, she defied the odds by engaging the enemy directly using her husband’s canon (Ellet 51). On that fateful day, she was coming from the spring, where she sourced her water, and upon nearing where her husband was positioned, she suffered the rude shock of seeing him get shot after which he collapsed on the ground . Without much wastage of time, Mary splinted towards where her husband was and took over his position, which was to load the canons. Various texts indicate that she missed death by a whisker when a device exploded between her legs tearing apart her dress after which she exclaimed, â€Å"

Operation Iraqi Freedom Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Operation Iraqi Freedom - Research Paper Example Iraq had no link to terrorism, no weapons of mass destruction (WMD), and no legal rationale to attack. Despite this, Bush decided to invade the Republic of Iraq for causes deemed objectionable to the majority of other countries so he frequently relied on and utilized false information to rationalize it. He lied. This discussion will examine how the truth was a casualty early and often during the lead up to the war and outlines some of the consequences brought about by these far-reaching and deadly deceptions. Bush voiced his disagreement to the concept of ‘nation building’ during the 2000 presidential election debates but as president waged an undeclared war against a sovereign country that had neither attacked first nor threatened to. Immediately following and as a reactionary reply to the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, Bush stated the county’s intention to begin a ‘War on Terrorism’ which he portrayed as a protracted battle against those t hat would use terrorist actions in addition to the countries that enabled them. The eventual culmination of the selective legal reasoning and rhetoric concerning the ‘War on Terror’ was Bush’s order of the military to invade both Afghanistan and Iraq, an illegal action on many fronts. Bush had constantly claimed that these actions were legal. First, he argued, due to language existing within the UN Security Council Resolution 1441 regarding Iraq and secondly, the invasions were an act of self-defense which is permitted by international law. Conversely, according to Richard Perle, advisor to U.S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld and official of the U.S. Defense Policy Board, â€Å"international law ... would have required us to leave Saddam Hussein alone.† (Burkeman & Borger, 2003). However, this option would have been â€Å"morally unacceptable† according to the Bush administration. The United Nations Charter, Article 51, Chapter Seven stipulates à ¢â‚¬Å"nothing shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self defense if an armed attack occurs against a member of the United Nations† (United Nations Charter, 1945). Article 51 allows a country the justification to â€Å"deter an act, or acts of imminent or ongoing violence† but only as a transitory solution until the UN Security Council takes the appropriate actions to ensure the protection of the affected region. By precise interpretation of this Article, the rights of self-defense a country can exercise does not comprise the right to retaliate after an attack has ceased. The U.S. defended its invasion and occupation of Iraq to the countries of the world by announce, if not substantiating, that it was a undertaking to remove WMD which endangered not only the U.S. but all other countries as well. Secretary of State Colin Powell as well as other administration officials, predominantly with the U.S. Department of State, enthusiastically endeavored to s tate their justification for aggressive military actions and make this plan as acceptable to as many other nations as they could. Paul Wolfowitz, Deputy Secretary of Defense at that time, is quoted in a Vanity Fair magazine interview dated May 28, 2003 as saying â€Å"For bureaucratic reasons, we settled on one issue, weapons of mass destruction† (Shovelan, 2003). Before to the invasion, Hans Blix, the man in charge of the UN weapons inspection team in Iraq, said unequivocally and very publicly

Hyundai Motor Company Business Challenges and Relationships Case Study

Hyundai Motor Company Business Challenges and Relationships - Case Study Example In a bid to penetrate the markets of the developed countries, the company’s packaging strategy faced great challenges. First, the company’s most expensive car model such as the Santa Fe and Sonata were undervalued when compared against their competitors in those markets. A research in these markets reviled that despite the cars from Hyundai ranking high in terms of quality scores when compared to their competitors, they still had lower resale values. A good example is the Hyundai’s Elantra which had higher quality rankings than the Dodge Neon, Nissan Sentra, and Chrysler but when it came to the resale values all these car models ranked well than it. Similarly, this was phenomena was also exhibited in the Hyundai Santa Fe. Its quality rankings ranked higher than that of competing models such as the Toyota RAV 4, Toyota Highlander, the Jeep Liberty, the Ford Escape and the Mazda Tribute. After one-year of sale, the retail value of the Hyundai Santa Fe was much lowe r than all these car models from competitors. To make matters worse the resale value gap between the Hyundai Santa Fe car and its competitors such as the car models from Toyota was larger than the quality gap between the car models. The resale value of a car is usually considered as the market’s perception of the quality, worth and value of that specific model. These low ranking of the models from Hyundai models in the markets of developed nations pose a great challenge to the survival of the company in those markets.

Role of Schedules of Reinforcement

Role of Schedules of Reinforcement To what extent are schedules of reinforcement more than just rules governing which responses will be reinforced? Illustrate your answer with basic and applied research examples. I am writing this essay in order to illustrate the role of schedules of reinforcement; basic and applied research examples provide evidence that schedules of reinforcement are more than just rules governing which responses will be reinforced. A schedule of reinforcement is defined as a rule that describes a contingency of reinforcement, those environmental arrangements that determine conditions by which behaviors will produce reinforcement (Cooper, Heron, Heward, 2007). There are two basic types in a schedule of reinforcement: a continuous reinforcement schedule (CRF schedule) is one in which each occurence of a response is reinforced, and an intermittent reinforcement schedule where each occurence of the response is not reinforced; rather, responses are occasionally or intermittently reinforced (Miltenberger, 2008). Ferster and Skinner (1957) studied various types of intermittent reinforcement schedules and described four basic types in this category: fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval. In a fixed ratio (FR) schedule, a specific or fixed number of responses must occur before the reinforcer is delivered; in a variable ratio (VR) schedule, delivery of a reinforcer is based on the number of responses that occur, but in this case, the number of responses needed for reinforcement varies each time, around an average number; in a fixed interval (FI) schedule, the interval of time is fixed, or stays the same each time; in a variable interval (VI) schedule of reinforcement, the reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after an interval of time has elapsed (Miltenberger, 2008). There are also some variations on the basic intermittent schedules of reinforcement: a) the schedules of differential reinforcement of rates of responding and, b) the progressive schedules of reinforcement. Differential reinforcement provides an intervention for behavior problems associated with rate of response and that means that it is a variation of ratio schedule; delivery of the reinforcer is contingent on responses occuring at a rate either higher than or lower than some predetermined criterion (Cooper, 2007). The reinforcement of responses higher than a predetermined criterion is called differential reinforcement of high rates (DRH); when responses are reinforced only when they are lower than the criterion, the schedule provides differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL). There is also the differential reinforcement of diminishing rates (DRD) schedule that provides reinforcement at the end of a predetermined time interval when the number of responses is less than a criterio n that is gradually decreased across time intervals based on the individuals performance (Cooper, 2007). Progessive schedules of reinforcement by contrast, systematically thin each successive reinforcement opportunity independent of the participants behavior (Cooper, 2007), Progressive ratio (PR) and progressive interval (PI) schedules of reinforcement change schedule requirements using a) arithmetic progressions to add a constant amount to each successive ratio or interval or b) geometric progressions to add successively a constant proportion of the preceding ratio or interval (Lattal Neef, 1996). Additionally, applied behavior analysts combine the elements of continuous reinforcement, the four schedules of reinforcement, differential reinforcement of various rates of responding and extinction to form compound schedules of reinforcement. Concurrent schedules of reinforcement occur when a) two or more contingencies of reinforcement b) operate independently and simultaneously c)for two or more behaviors (Cooper, 2007). Discriminative schedules of reinforcement consist of a) multiple schedules -present two or more basic schedules of reinforrcement in an alterating, usually random, sequence; the basic schedules within the multiple schedule occur successively and independently and a discriminative stimulus is correlated with each basic schedule; the stimulus is present as long as the schedule is in effect- and b) chained schedules -the multiple and chained schedules have two or more basic schedule requirements that occur successively and have a discriminative stimulus correlated wi th each independent schedule (Cooper, 2007). Nondiscriminative schedules consist of a) mixed schedules -use an identical procedure to multiple ones but, without discriminative stimuli- and b) tandem schedules -identical to chained schedules, but also without the discriminative stimuli (Cooper, 2007). Now through basic and applied research examples from all types of schedules of reinforcement, it is going to be shown the role of schedules of reinforcement; the schedules of reinforcement play a major role in a behavior change program, and also in the acquisition and maintenance of a behavior. In the study of Kirby and Shields (1972), a systematic measure of changes in academic response rate and accuracy through a more direct approach to academic performance was conducted. The study was designed to measure the combined effects of an adjusting fixed-ratio schedule of immediate praise and immediate correctness feedback on the arithmetic response rate of a seventh- grade student and to measure possible collateral changes in study behavior. The study was divided into four phases: baseline, treatment 1, reversal, treatment 2. Using an adjusting fixed-ratio schedule, delivery of reinforcement was initially given for every two problems completed; then, the experimenter gradually increased the units of work or number of problems completed before delivering reinforcement. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the fixed-ratio schedule of praise and immediate correctness feedback in increasing the subjects arithmetic response rate and associated attending behavior. When students rate of correct problem solving was increased through systematic reinforcement, incompatible behaviors of non-attending decreased. It was also noted that during reversal, when all praise and immediate correctness feedback was withheld, the subject maintained a much higher level of arithmetic achievement and attending behavior than before treatment 1. The adjusting ratio schedule of reinforcement frequent contact with the student during early ph ases requiring small units of work, it requires no extra effort during later phases when large units of work are assigned. In the study of De Luca and Holborn (1992), the effects of a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement on pedaling a stationary exercise bicycle were examined. A changing-criterion design was used in which each successive criterion was increased over mean performance rate in the previous phase by approximately 15%. The participants were 3 obese and 3 nonobese boys. The experimental phases were: baseline, VR-first subphase (the VR schedule of reinforcement was introduced after a stable baseline had been achieved), VR-second subphase (stability had been achieved in the first subphase), VR-third subphase (stability was achieved for the second subphase), return to baseline and return to VR third subphase. All participants had systematic increases in their rate of pedaling with each VR value, meaning that the larger the variable ratio, the higher the rate of response. The results indicated that the rate of exercise can be increased using a VR schedule of reinforcement. The introduction of the initial VR subphase of the changing-criterion design produced marked increases in the rate of exercise for all subjects. Rasmussen and Oneill (2006), examined the effects of fixed-time reinforcement schedules on problem behavior of students with emotional-behavioral disorders in a clinical day-treatment classroom setting. The participants were three elementary-aged students and the dependent variable for all 3 participants was the frequency of verbal disruptions. The study employed an ABAB withdrawl design, alternating between baseline and FI conditions -verbal praise and pats on the arm were provided, with a final brief schedule thinning phase for each participant. All participants exhibited variable but relatively high rates during baseline. Implementation of FT schedules resulted in immediate, substantial, and stable decreases for all participants. The results of this study demonstrate the use of FT schedules and their implementation in a day-treatment classroom setting with children with clinically diagnosed emotional or behavioral disorders. These procedures were effective in reducing disruptive verbal behavior and these reductions were maintained while the FI schedules underwent initial thinning. The effectiveness of fixed-time schedules has also been evaluated through data on both appropriate and inappropriate responses. In the study of Roane, Fisher and Sgro (2001), fixed-time schedules were used in order to reduce destructive behavior but also, to increase adaptive behavior. The participant was a 12-year-old girl who had been diagnosed with pervasive developmental disorder and traumatic brain injury. There were two conditions: control condition and FT condition; with the exception of the FT schedule of reinforcement, the FT condition was identical to the control condition. During the FT condition, increases in two adaptive responses were observed, even though neither response was reinforced through direct contingencies. Similarly, decreases in destructive behavior were obtained under the FT schedule. The results suggest that, in addition to suppressing inappropriate behavior, FT schedules may also increase and stabilize adaptive behavior. Austin and Soeda (2008), validated the use of fixed-time reinforcer delivery with typically developing population. A fixed-time teacher attention was used to decrease off-task behavior in two third-grade boys. An ABAB was used with two phases: baseline (the teacher interacted with the boys in her usual manner) and noncontingent reinforcement-NCR (the teacher provided attention on an FT schedule). The findings indicated that NCR was an effective strategy for reducing the off-task behaviors of both boys, as immediate and sustained reductions in the percentage of intervals with off-task behavior were observed. Van Camp, Lerman, Kelley, Contrucci and Vondran (2000), evaluated the efficacy of noncontingent reinforcement with variable interval schedules in reducing problem behavior maintained by social consequences, comparing the effects of VT and FT reinforcement schedules with 2 individuals who had been diagnosed with moderate to severe mental retardation. Baseline and treatment conditions -with FT and VT sessions- were conducted in both participants. Although previous studies on the use of NCR as treatment for problem behavior have primarily examined FT schedules, results of this study indicated that VT schedules were as effective as FT schedules in reducing problem behavior. Carr, Kellum and Chong (2001), examined the effects of fixed-time and variable-time schedules on responding with 2 adults with mental retardation. Multielement and reversal designs were used to compare the effects of FT and VT schedules previously maintained on variable-ratio reinforcement schedules. The target behavior for the first participant was defined as making a penci mark on his name and placing the paper into the receptable. The target behavior for the second participant was defined as picking up a paper clip and dropping it in the receptable. The experimental phases were: baseline, FR 1 reinforcement, VR 3 reinforcement, FT, VT. The results showed that both FT and VT schedules were equally effective in reducing the target behaviors. Wright and Vollmer (2002), used a treatment package that involved an adjusting differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate responding (DRL) schedule, response blocking and prompts in order to reduce rapid eating. The participant was a 17-year-old girl who had been diagnosed with profound mental retardation. The experimental phases consisted of baseline and treatment condition, where an adjusting DRL procedure was introduced, along with blocking and prompts. The DRL intervals were determined by calculating the average IRT from previous sessions. The results showed that the treatment package was effective in increasing the IRTs between each attempted bite of food. The treatment package also resulted in an increase in the negative side-effects (increase in the levels of SIB and tantrums). However, the treatment continued despite these side-effects, which eventually decreased. In the study of Dietz and Repp (1973), a differential reinforcement of diminishing rates (DRD) schedule was used in order to decrease classroom misbehavior. The procedure that was followed was that reinforcement was produced when responding was less than a limit for a period of time, rather than when a response followed a specified period of no responding. Three experiments were conducted. In the first experiment DRD schedule was implemented to reduce the talking-out behavior of one 11-year old boy, classified as trainable mentally retarded (TRM) in a special classroom. The second experiment involved the reduction of talk-outs in a group of ten TRM students in an also special classroom, and the third experiment involved the use of a DRD schedule to reduce the verbal behavior of a group of 15 high school students in a regular class. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of DRD schedules in reducing classroom disruption both in individual and in group behaviors. In addition, the success with both TRM students and with high school students suggests the efficacy of DRD schedules across widely divergent groups. In the present study the use of positive reinforcement suggests also a nonpunitive method of classroom control. Roane, Lerman and Vorndran (2001), tried to examine if the reinforcing stimuli can be differentially effective as response requirements increase by evaluating responding under increasing schedule requirements via progressive-ratio schedules and behavioral economic analyses. In experiment 1 (reinforcer assessment), four individuals with developmental disabilities, who had been referred for the assessment and treatment of severe behavior problems, participated. The findings showed that one stimulus was associated with greater response persistence under increasing schedule requirements for all participants. Results also suggested that progressive schedules allow a relatively expeditious examination of shifts in reinforcer preference or value under increasing schedule requirements. In experiment 2, the correspondence between responding under progressive schedules and levels of destructive behavior under various reinforcement-based treatments was examined in order to evaluate the utility of the reinforcer assessment. Three interventions were selected: noncontingent reinforcement, DRA and DRO. Results indicated that the high-preference stimuli identified via this assessment were more likely to reduce problem behavior or increase adaptive behavior than stimuli identified as less preferred. In summary, results of this study suggest that stimuli identified as similarly preferred via a commonly used preference assessment were differentially effective under increasing schedule requirements. Additionally, stimuli that were more effective under progressive schedules were more likely to produce decreases in problem behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement. The influence of concurrent reinforcement schedules on behavior change without the use of extinction was examined by Hoch, McComas and Thomson (2002). Two responses were measured: problem behavior maintained by negative reinforcement, and task completion in three children with autism. Moreover, the maintenance of behavior change was evaluated under conditions of increased response requirements and leaner schedules of reinforcement. The results showed that immediate and sustained decreases in problem behavior and increases in task completion occurred when task completion produced both negative reinforcement and access to preferred activities and problem behavior continued to result in negative reinforcement. The findings demonstrated that concurrent schedules of reinforcement can be arranged to decrease negatively reinforced problem behavior and increase an adaptive alternative response without the use of escape extinction. Tiger and Hanley (2004), described a multiple-schedule procedure to reduce ill-timed requests, which involved providing children with two distinct continuous signals that were correlated with periods in which teacher attention was either available or unavailable. Cammilleri, Tiger and Hanley (2008), conducted a study in order to assess the efficacy of a classwide application of the multiple-schedule procedure described by Tiger and Hanley when implemented by teachers during instructional periods in three elementary classrooms. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of a classwide multiple-schedule procedure when implemented by teachers in a private elementary school classroom. Conclusively, schedules of reinforcement are not only rules that govern which responses will be reinforced; they are substantial components of a behavior change program. CRF schedules are used in the acquisition of a behavior -when a person is learning a behavior or engaging in the behavior for the first time. Once the person has acquired or learned the behavior, an intermittent reinforcement schedule is used so that the person continues to engage in the behavior -maintenance of behavior (Miltenberger, 2008). In this way, schedules of reinforcement help in the progression to naturally occurring reinforcement, which is a major goal for most behavior change programs. It was shown that schedules of reinforcement can be applied effectively in different settings, behaviors, populations. They have been used to decrease inappropriate behaviors such as rapid eating (Wright Vollmer, 2002) or classroom misbehavior (Dietz Repp, 1973); to increase appropriate behaviors such as arithmetic response rate and attending behavior (Kirby Shields, 1972). They have also been applied in both typically developing children (e.g. Austin Soeda, 2008), and in children with behavior problems (e.g. Rasmussen ONeill, 2006). Schedules of reinforcement can have great effects in a behavior change program, but it is also very important to know how and when to apply the most appropriate schedule or a combination of them in a specific behavior. References Austin, J. L., Soeda, J. M. (2008). Fixed-time teacher attention to decrease off-task behaviors of typically developing third graders. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 41, 279-283. Cammilleri, A. P., Tiger, J. H., Hanley, G. P. (2008). Developing stimulus control of young childrens requests to teachers: Classwide applications of multiple schedules. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 41, 299-303. Carr, J. E., Kellum, K. K., Chong, I. M. (2001). The reductive effects of noncontingent reinforcement: Fixed-time versus variable-time schedules. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 34, 505-509. Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., Heward, W. L. (2007). Applied behavior analysis (2nd ed.), Schedules of reinforcement (pp. 304-323). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. De Luca, R. V., Holborn, S. W. (1992). Effects of a variable-ratio reinforcement schedule with changing criteria on exercise in obese and nonobese boys. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 25, 671-679. Dietz, S. M., Repp, A. C. (1973). Decreasing classroom misbehavior through the use of DRL schedules of reinforcement. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 6, 457-463. Hoch, H., McComas, J. J. and Thomson, A. L., Paone, D. (2002). Concurrent reinforcement schedules: Behavior change and maintenance without extinction. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 35, 155-169. Kirby, F. D., Shields, F. (1972). Modification of arithmetic response rate and attending behavior in a seventh-grade student. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 5, 79-84. Lattal, K. A., Neef, N. A. (1996). Recent reinforcement-schedule research and applied behavior analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 29, 213-220. Cited in Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., Heward, W. L. (2007). Applied behavior analysis (2nd ed.), Schedules of reinforcement (pp. 304-323). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Rasmussen, K., ONeill, R. E. (2006). The effects of fixed-time reinforcement schedules on problem behavior of children with emotional and behavioral disorders in a day-treatment classroom setting. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 39, 453-457. Roane, H. S., Fisher, W. W., Sgro, G. M. (2001). Effects of a fixed-time schedule on aberrant and adaptive behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 34, 333-336. Roane, H. S., Lerman, D. C. and Vorndran, C. M. (2001). Assessing reinforcers under progressive schedule requirements. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 34, 145-167. Tiger, J. H., Hanley, G. P. (2004). Developing stimulus control of preschooler mands: An analysis of schedule-correlated and contingency-specifying stimuli. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 37, 517-521. Cited in Cammilleri, A. P., Tiger, J. H., Hanley, G. P. (2008). Developing stimulus control of young childrens requests to teachers: Classwide applications of multiple schedules. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 41, 299-303. Van Camp, C. M., Lerman, D. C., Kelley, M. E., Contrucci, S. A., Vorndran, C. M. (2000). Variable-time reinforcement schedules in the treatment of socially maintained problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 33, 545-557. Wright, C. S., Vollmer, T. R. (2002). Evaluation of a treatment package to reduce rapid eating. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 35, 89-93.

Is Assistance without Knowledge and Understanding Really Helpful? :: Essays Papers

Is Assistance without Knowledge and Understanding Really Helpful? According to the "demographic transition," after the industrial revolution death rates started falling more rapidly than birth rates causing an increase in population growth. When population growth drew the attention of scientists and policy makers in the 1950s, demographics and development in poor countries were the main concern but no real efforts were made to seek out solutions. Referred to as the World Population Conference, the first international meeting on population convened in 1954 in Rome. That year the Khanna study emerged as the first birth control program to have a control as well as a test population. Because the researchers expectations and schemas guided their perceptions and inquiries, biases plagued the Khanna study, which failed to show an effect of birth control on fertility rates. Foreign to the culture of rural India but aware of the serious population problem, the researchers developed the Khanna study with the assumption that the Punjabi people needed to and wanted to reduce their birth rates. In his book Myth of Population Control, Mahmood Mamdani explains that there was "a significant gap between the [researchers] perceptions and the reality of the village"(Mamdani, 35). The researching staff members were all of the urban, educated, middle class; they viewed children as financial burdens and therefore, believed that controlling birth rates would help Punjab move ahead economically. However, according to the article "New Perspectives on Population: Lessons from Cairo," it is "economic insecurity [that] encourages people to have large families"(Ashford, 31). Indeed, this was the case in the rural villages of Punjab, where people believe children are an asset to the family; more children mean more working hands. "Except for two staff members, no one was will ing to admit that the villagers might be acting rationally" when they choose to have many children (Mamdani, 48). Knowing and understanding the relationship of cultural, social, and economic factors in a population is clearly an integral part in forming successful assessments of and assistance to that population. The Khanna study researchers took for granted that the women in the Punjab villages who accepted the contraceptives were in fact using them. "Although 39 percent of the fertile wives had used the foam tablets, only 8 percent had used them consistently for four months or more" (Mamdani, 31). The researchers did not anticipate this confusion between "acceptance" and "use" because in their world of experience there was no difference between the two. Is Assistance without Knowledge and Understanding Really Helpful? :: Essays Papers Is Assistance without Knowledge and Understanding Really Helpful? According to the "demographic transition," after the industrial revolution death rates started falling more rapidly than birth rates causing an increase in population growth. When population growth drew the attention of scientists and policy makers in the 1950s, demographics and development in poor countries were the main concern but no real efforts were made to seek out solutions. Referred to as the World Population Conference, the first international meeting on population convened in 1954 in Rome. That year the Khanna study emerged as the first birth control program to have a control as well as a test population. Because the researchers expectations and schemas guided their perceptions and inquiries, biases plagued the Khanna study, which failed to show an effect of birth control on fertility rates. Foreign to the culture of rural India but aware of the serious population problem, the researchers developed the Khanna study with the assumption that the Punjabi people needed to and wanted to reduce their birth rates. In his book Myth of Population Control, Mahmood Mamdani explains that there was "a significant gap between the [researchers] perceptions and the reality of the village"(Mamdani, 35). The researching staff members were all of the urban, educated, middle class; they viewed children as financial burdens and therefore, believed that controlling birth rates would help Punjab move ahead economically. However, according to the article "New Perspectives on Population: Lessons from Cairo," it is "economic insecurity [that] encourages people to have large families"(Ashford, 31). Indeed, this was the case in the rural villages of Punjab, where people believe children are an asset to the family; more children mean more working hands. "Except for two staff members, no one was will ing to admit that the villagers might be acting rationally" when they choose to have many children (Mamdani, 48). Knowing and understanding the relationship of cultural, social, and economic factors in a population is clearly an integral part in forming successful assessments of and assistance to that population. The Khanna study researchers took for granted that the women in the Punjab villages who accepted the contraceptives were in fact using them. "Although 39 percent of the fertile wives had used the foam tablets, only 8 percent had used them consistently for four months or more" (Mamdani, 31). The researchers did not anticipate this confusion between "acceptance" and "use" because in their world of experience there was no difference between the two.

Disadvantages Early Marriage

Many people are marrying early these days. They would like to get into matrimony as soon as their courtship is over. Tying the knot is important to strengthen their relationship. They feel settling down in life early would help them set up their independent home. Whatever may be the advantages of settling down early in life, the fact remains there are problems to be faced if one gets into matrimony too quickly. Examples are:1. Responsibility has to be shouldered at a very young age. One has to take on household responsibilities, child rearing responsibility etc. There is no adult to guide or help out. 2. Missing out on the fun of teenage life and being young. The drudgeries of married life can get to you. They deprive you of your youth. 3. Health also can get affected as early pregnancy can have a negative impact on overall health. 4. Breakdown of marriage is possible. Often the young couple is immature to shoulder major responsibility and end up fighting with each other. Adjustment problems may arise. 5. Education also gets affected. The young couple may not be able to pursue higher education as they have to take on the responsibilities of family budget. 6. Work opportunities are limited for the youngsters. Since their education levels are low, they cannot get highly paid jobs. 7. Bringing up children may be difficult. Their knowledge of child care may be limited and parental guidance is also not there. They may not be able to provide the appropriate care for their child.Marrying early may seem very romantic and convenient, but it has its problems. Couples need to get to know each other better and this takes time. Rushing into a marriage, which may not last long does not appear the right thing to do. In some countries, where child marriage is prevalent, efforts are on by respective Governments to dissuade such a practice.